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This blog was created to keep our expanding audience informed about what is going on in the world of Open Textbooks and related topics. Please read and enjoy the posts. You are encouraged to add any comments that add to the discussion.

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February 2012
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Emerging Battles Over Textbooks: Options from Apple to Open Initiatives

Andy Oram, editor at O'Reilly Media

by Andy Oram

The worlds of both education and publishing will be tugged from opposing directions, perhaps to the breaking point, by two recent trends.  One is Apple’s well-publicized entry into the textbook market with its iBooks Author app, tied by license to its iBooks store. The other is the movement for open textbooks, on which the state of California recently placed its bets (for the second time).

But let’s slow down for a minute. The iPad, as an entertainment platform, will not morph easily into an educational tool, whereas developing open textbooks raises difficulties beyond the ones that open source software have encountered and surmounted. I recently discussed these topics with Open Doors Group’s Jacky Hood. She is part of a team trying to respond to the California open textbook challenge.

Empowerment versus entertainment

To evaluate Apple’s textbook strategy, compare it to the goals of the “One Laptop Per Child” initiative. The biggest problem with the Apple initiative–missed by most commentators—is that the iPad is an entertainment device, and has many interesting ways to interact with content but not to create it. In contrast, OLPC’s XO system was planned from the start to let children create and share text, video, and other content. It is an empowerment device. (Google claims that its Chromebooks are similarly empowering.)

The same reasoning drove the OLPC decision to distribute all free software on the XO. The use of free software promotes learning and exploration. Numerous other considerations (lower cost, rugged design, and orientation to underdeveloped regions with limited capabilities) also separate the XO from the iPad.

Now the iPad is obviously a beautiful product, so we can assume that its qualities will be put to good use by textbook authors. But authors will need help creating an effective user interface for their own textbooks.

If school districts respond positively to Apple’s textbook initiative, I hope they relinquish some of their zeal for aesthetically superior, expensive hardware and license some cheap device (several options are available) for student use.

The Limits of Open

Do open textbooks present as robust an alternative to the Apple model as open source presents to the Microsoft’s of the software industry? Not in practice. The development model used by Open Doors isn’t as radical as you’d expect when you hear of open textbooks.

Textbooks are extraordinarily detailed and have high standards for correctness in all those details. Good writing values–pacing, selection, the introduction of topics–all have to be top-notch too. Textbooks may be criticized as bland or timid, but they make their points without the nuanced ambiguity that authors can get away with in other settings.

Numerous open source activities exist in education, but they tend to deal not with textbooks but a broader set of material known as “open courseware.” (A survey of available courseware can be found in the appendix of UNESCO’s A Basic Guide to Open Educational Resources). It may turn out that, in a collaborative and action-oriented classroom, textbooks will turn out to be an obsolete concept and the pastiche of other courseware will be all that is needed. But this article starts with the premise that a textbook is still useful.

Of all the weapons that free software can wield in its battle for world domination, the heaviest guns are the ease of making and distributing derivative works. But textbooks are not used in a community the same way software is. Textbooks are designed for courses, and are chosen by instructors. Most instructors would need strong assurance that any derivative work was superior to the original before using it.

When I look at the demands made by students and instructors, and the constraints placed on textbook production–whether the Apple model or the open model–I sense there is a place for both and a place for expert authors and publishers to create the experiences that modern educational environments require.

To read more about my viewpoint on these initiatives, look at my in-depth article on O”Reilly Radar.

ABOUT ANDY ORAM:

He is an editor at O’Reilly Media. An employee of the company since 1992, Andy currently specializes in open source technologies and software engineering. His work for O’Reilly includes the first books ever released by a U.S. publisher on Linux, the 2001 title Peer-to-Peer, and the 2007 best-seller Beautiful Code. He can be reached at andyo@oreilly.com.

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Mentor Cloud and Open Doors Group / College Open Textbooks Partner to Facilitate Sharing Best Practices

 Mentor Cloud and Open Doors Group / College Open Textbooks Partner to
Facilitate Sharing Best Practices Among the Open Education Community
New Community to Share Best Practices and Facilitate Mentoring in Open Education 

Cupertino, CA, January 26, 2012 — In honor of National Mentoring Day, Mentor Cloud and Open Doors Group/College Open Textbooks announced today the availability of an education community that allows 24×7 discussion threads and broadcast email messages to all members by all members. Generally all members will be both mentors and mentees in keeping with 21st century models of learning communities.

 

 

Education in the 21st Century faces an enormous challenge:

  • Peace, prosperity, and longevity require that a much larger share of the 8 billion global inhabitants have access to affordable quality education, and
  • Current education processes cannot scale enough to meet this challenge; in particular it is impossible to train enough instructors.

Education in the 21st Century is afforded three important opportunities to meet the above challenge:

  • Telecommunications and computing technologies radically lower the cost of educational materials.
  • Discoveries in pedagogy in the past century show that cooperative and developmental learning are far more effective than traditional methods.
  • New business models including openly-licensed content and tools can remove barriers and create sustainable affordable learning.

Collaboration tools are needed in at least three areas of open education:

  • Sharing of best practices: We cannot afford to reinvent processes in every institution, state/province, or country.
  • Mentor/mentee relationships in careers and to make instructorless open courseware educationally sound. Open Courseware Consortium and Saylor Foundation have large numbers of open-licensed instructorless courses.
  • Mentor/mentee tools to help create and facilitate relationships in the expanding Open Educational Resources (OER) movement.

OpenDoorsGroup.MentorCloud.com, powered by Mentor Cloud, is the tool that allows for all three of the above. During the beta period, OpenDoorsGroup.MentorCloud.com will be free of cost to individuals who are thought leaders and contributors in open education. Invitations will be sent starting in early February. There may be a fee for organizations that sign up 5 or more individuals as well as organizations looking to tap into the open education community. There will also be a fee for organizations that are looking for facilitators to drive conversations on certain topics and areas.

“There is absolutely a need for a central place for those in the open education community to share best practices” says Mitchell Levy, Co-Director, College Open Textbooks, who emphasizes that Mentor Cloud is a great tool to provide this level of service.

Contact Ravishankar Gundlapalli, Mentor Cloud, ravi@mentorcloud.com  650-520-3052 or Sharyn Fitzpatrick, Open Doors Group/College Open Textbooks, sharyn.fitzpatrick@happyabout.info  650-814-5835

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An Insanely Great Week

Regardless of your opinion of Apple’s textbook announcement, plenty of good can come when the world’s second largest (or perhaps largest) for-profit company by market capitalization turns its attention to this tiny market.  For starters, it generated a lively discussion in the College Open Textbooks community, which you are welcome to join.  With Steve Jobs gone, we do not know if he would have called this announcement “insanely great,” the phrase he used with many other Apple products, and I will withhold judgment myself until I learn more.  But with the extraordinary potential for technology to accelerate the adoption of Open Educational Resources, I am ready to declare this an insanely great week.

I hope to write about other aspects of the announcement later, but for now I would like to turn to a critical topic: Apple’s commercial and licensing terms.  The following is my understanding; if you think  I am wrong on anything, I encourage you to comment.

A number of comments in the announcement discussion pointed out that what you produce with iBook Author cannot be used on non-Apple devices.  This is definitely a concern, although in fairness nothing prevents you from using other means to create other versions of your textbook for use on any device (including Apple devices).

Apple is a master at negotiating with content providers, and they did not disappoint.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, McGraw-Hill and Pearson joined the announcement, saying they “will deliver educational titles on the iBookstore with most priced at $14.99 or less.”  For those like me who have paid up to $200 for a single textbook, this is electrifying.  But watch out for the fine print; the publishers intend this to be a per-student charge.  At one student per year for, say, five years, a typical lifespan of a physical textbook, that is a cost of $75.  Viewed this way, you are not saving much.  But for someone buying a new textbook, it is a big drop.  And unlike the used textbook market, you are getting the latest version.

Apple keeps 30% of the price, which bothers some people, although I frankly doubt traditional publishers would offer more attractive terms.  The main way Apple aspires to make money, in my opinion, is on iPads, iPhones and the like.

From an Open Educational Resources perspective, here is the most important part.  Apple iBook Author is free, and you can set whatever price you want for the textbook you produce.  If you set a price of zero, students do not pay anything, the author does not pay anything, and, outside of the sale of devices, Apple does not get paid.  I cannot argue with that.

I am convinced there is more to come, from Apple, its competitors and other players.  There has been a lot of encouraging things happening in Open Educational Resources, and it is about to get a lot more exciting!

 

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How Textbooks Sparked a Charitable Revolution

Guest Post by Brendan Baker of Chegg.com – committed to making education more affordable by offering cheap textbooks for students to buy, rent or sell.

chegg for good, plant a tree

As we look for ways to make education more affordable, what can start as a simple idea can often expand into something bigger. Just as the open textbook cause spawned into a vast network of open textbook organizations and communities, you never know how big an idea can become until you’ve put it into action.

For Chegg.com it started with the idea that all college textbooks could be—rather should be—cheaper for students. But what if you take that belief one step further? What if students had the ability to rent textbooks, which would make them more affordable while helping to save paper?

The idea snowballed from there, and soon enough a partnership with the American Forest Global ReLeaf Foundation was formed. The idea: for every textbook rented or sold through Chegg.com, a tree would be planted. The result? Since the inception of the partnership, over five million trees have been planted around the world—from the San Juan National Forest in Colorado all the way to Pondicherry, India—and the number continues to rise.

Several years later, the trees are still serving their purpose. Whether it’s by repopulating areas that have been damaged by wildfire or through improving the water quality in community rivers, the trees are a much needed presence in their environments.

chegg for good

What’s more, since the start of their partnership with the American Forest Global ReLeaf Foundation, Chegg has picked up a few more partnerships along the way, effectively creating what they now call the Chegg for Good program. Their motto: to encourage and inspire students to become active on their campus in social causes and become philanthropic leaders who make a difference on their campuses, in their communities, and around the world. Beyond tree planting, Chegg wants students be a catalyst for change and help them realize their dreams of making an impact on the world.

Among many of their initiatives, Chegg has even hosted a competition where four student founded non-profit organizations competed for a chance to receive additional financial support towards their cause. Each organization posted their story on the Chegg blog in order to help drive votes (and ultimately more funding), to their respective programs.

And it doesn’t stop there. Chegg has also sponsored two Habitat for Humanity playhouse builds involving the company’s very own employees. In fact, a new employee volunteer program hopes to encourage everyone on the Chegg team to give five days a year, paid by Chegg, to volunteer with organizations that matter to them.

As they look to the future, Chegg continues to seek out influential partners that will expose students to some unique and once in a lifetime opportunities in the philanthropic space. And with any luck, the circle of giving will continue to spread from the high-level organizations down to the young and ambitious students of the world. Once again, a small idea has flourished into a worldwide network of positive and influential change.

To learn more about possible charities you can get involved with or to learn more about the Chegg for Good program, click here: http://www.chegg.com/cheggforgood/

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Winning Ideas from the Big Ideas Fest

Both Jacky Hood and I along with 150 other leading educators and business executives focused on education convened in Half Moon Bay on December 4-7 for the Big Ideas Fest (http://bigideasfest.org/2011-big-ideas-fest/2011-big-ideas-fest). In addition to listening to 18 speakers (http://bigideasfest.org/2011-big-ideas-fest/2011-speakers-big-ideas-fest) ranging from Martha Kanter, Under Secretary, US Department of Education, to Kaycee Eckhardt, an amazingly giving and passionate Reading Teacher from New Orleans Charter Science and Math Academy, we ate good food, networked, and worked on some big ideas.

Part of the conference was the facilitation of Action Collabs (http://bigideasfest.org/2011-big-ideas-fest/2011-action-collabs-big-ideas-fest, a great way to brainstorm solutions to core questions. There were nine groups of 15-20 people led by facilitators through the multi-day brain-storming process. Open Educational Resources (OER) were the major focus. Four of the nine groups took on the following question: “How might we leverage open (content, data, and research) to transform teaching and learning?” The groups all followed a six step process: 1) Identify the Opportunity, 2) Design the Solution, 3) Prototype the Solution, 4) Present and get Expert Feedback, 5) Update the Solution based on the feedback and Design if to Scale and Spread, and 6) Present it again. Step 1 included interviewing experts. Former COT director and now Open Courseware Consortium/CCCOER community college outreach manager, Una Daly, was one of the experts. The process was engaging and produced very interesting results. It was fun to see the solutions that 150 bright minds can produce. Strong synergy emerged  among educators, business people, foundation managers, and others.  The four different groups focused on the same question approached their solutions in very different ways.

Other Action Collab Topics included Assessments and Basic Literacy/Math Skills.

ISKME secured a $50k grant from the Gates Foundation to take the three most promising “big ideas” to the next level. It is a matching grant and ISKME is looking to find another $50k to match the Gates funding, which means that $100k will be used to bring 3 of the 9 ideas presented to the next level. Everyone in the Action Collab I participated in (aka WeLearn) were elated when our idea was paired with another group as one of the winners. WeLearn emphasized vocational life-long learning. Putting tools and knowledge in the hands of those in the workforce to help them learn and grow. In addition to OER and traditional content, we had focused on mentor/mentee matching and close ties to corporations as one of the benefactors of a more skill-based workforce.

This big idea is similar to a concept that the Open Doors Group has been discussing; it is called CHAI (Commerce, Healthcare, Agriculture and Industry) as a potential sharing space for flexible, affordable education/training materials. This is a much larger initiative with a focus on vocational education initiatives utilizing open resources. Very exciting idea that has synergy with the big ideas that surfaced at the Big Ideas Fest. Stay tuned for more ideas.

Mitchell Levy, Co-Director, College Open Textbooks
- 408-257-3000, http://collegeopentextbooks.org
CEO & Author, Happy About
- http://happyabout.com, http://42rules.com, http://thinkaha.com

Related posting: Read move about the Big Ideas Fest from Carol Hedgspeth’s blog post: http://www.collegeopentextbooks.org/blog/?p=1845

NOTE:  IMAGES ARE CC-BY-SA BY ISKME.

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Education Champions Work Together to Find Solutions for Open Education Design Challenge at Big Ideas Fest 2011

By Carol Hedgspeth, Senior Research Associate, ISKME

ISKME’s 3rd annual Big Ideas Fest (www.bigideasfest.org) was held in early December in Half Moon Bay, CA, and as promised, creative doers and thinkers from diverse levels of education gathered to learn from and share with each other. This convening yielded creative, inspirational, and often revolutionary ideas about current educational challenges, while providing the opportunity to interact and engage with a mix of teachers, researchers, administrators, entrepreneurs, education leaders. Central to Big Ideas Fest is the “action” component, called Action Collabs–design-oriented labs where participants brainstormed, prototyped, and ultimately create scalable solutions to major education challenges, such as achieving universal literacy and math competency, and leveraging open education to transform teaching and learning.

In a major shift from traditional educational conferences, the event is designed to bring together kindred spirits on a level playing field, where a person’s work or role becomes less important than how they share and collaborate within their group. In this way, the mix of students, teachers, administrators, researchers, inventors, and executives operate as peers in solving a common problem. These common problems are referred to as “design challenges” at the Big Ideas Fest.

One of the design challenges that was taken on by the Action Collabs was to create solutions around leveraging open content, data, and research to transform teaching and learning. During the Action Collabs, teachers, administrators, and students worked alongside noted leaders and policy makers in the field of open education. The Action Collab process facilitates moving from brainstorming ideas to creating tangible manifestations of those ideas (using pipe cleaners, popsicle sticks and other craft items), in a rapid low-investment way, and results in a visual representation of a solution that helps to see the idea in the real world.

Many of the Big Ideas Fest’s rapid-fire speakers were full participants in the Action Collabs as well. Speakers on open education included Brewster Kahle, Founder of the Internet Archive; Martha Kanter, the U.S. Under Secretary of Education; Neeru Kholsa, Co-Founder of CK-12 Foundation and pioneer in the OER movement; and Barbara Chow, Education Program Director at Hewlett and champion of open education resources. Additional speakers included Jody Lewen, the Executive Director of the Prison University Project; Kaycee Eckhardt, an award-winning charter school teacher whose science and math academy is housed in a FEMA trailer in the 9th ward of New Orleans; and Adora Svitak, the 13-year old recipient of NEA Foundation’s Award for Outstanding Service to Public Education.

THE ACTION COLLAB

The Action Collab groups that were focused on “open” provided innovative and inspired prototype solutions to the question “How might we leverage open (content, research, data) to transform teaching and learning?” One solution, “Pandora for Learning”, was designed to connect students to content that students are passionate about and that they have curated. A second solution to the open education design challenge focused on creating a virtual learning experience that is learner- and teacher-curated, linking the end user to open content about the arts.

ISKME is committed to support the further development of these and other design solutions on the soon-to-launch online Action Collab Network.

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MEDICAL OER’s and OPEN TEXTBOOKS

The Orange Grove

 

Developing Open Educational Resources for Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health Education

The cost of developing medical education resources can be quite high and is duplicated across institutions. Enabling national and global access to medical open educational resources (OERs), including open textbooks, has the potential for improving health education and delivery, reducing cost for development, and expanding access to instructional content. After discussions with other repository providers and Florida State University College of Medicine (FSU COM), it is clear that there is an interest in setting up a meeting to discuss the creation of a sustainable OER partnership among  medical schools, institutions providing healthcare programs (i.e., 2 and 4 year institutions), and repository providers.

The Orange Grove Repository and the Open Access Textbooks project has offered to facilitate this meeting with the assistance of FSU COM. The first step is to see what our common interests and goals would be. Please complete the  Contact Information Form and the Meeting Time Poll if you are interested in participating in an online discussion about a sustainable OER partnership between accredited medical and healthcare educational institutions/programs. If there is indeed a group that is interested in collaborating on medical OERs, taking it one step forward and forming a medical OER consortium  would not only provide institutions with a means for sharing and collaborating on medical OERs and reduce the cost of curriculum development  but could also lead to the acceptance of medical OERs in promotion and tenure reviews. The FSU College of Medicine Open Educational Resources Task Force Final Report may be helpful to your medical community in understanding medical OERs.

Using the information you provide, The Orange Grove will work with the FSU Medical School to create the agenda and email it to you as soon as we determine the best time for our first meeting. We would like to schedule this meeting before the winter holidays.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Robin Donaldson, Ph.D
Project Director, Open Access Textbook Project
Project Manager, The Orange Grove, Florida’s Digital Repository
Florida Distance Learning Consortium
http://rdonaldson.com
rdonaldson@distancelearn.org

David W. Nelson
Project Manager, Open Access Textbook Project
Florida Distance Learning Consortium
dnelson@distancelearn.org

The Open Access Textbook project is supported by a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE Grant No. P116Y090040).

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Washington State Open Course Library hits 10,000 visitors in 11 Days

Tom Caswell, Program Manager for the Open Course Library, reported 10, 000 visitors to their site since its official launch of the first 42 courses on October 31, 2011. He sums up the project which will contain 81 open courses targeted at the highest-enrolled general education classes for lower division college students as thus:

1. High-Quality

“The Open Course Library is a collection of expertly developed educational materials designed by faculty and openly shared with the world. It includes textbooks, syllabi, course activities, readings, and assessments for 81 high-enrollment college courses.”

2. Affordable

“42 courses have been completed so far, providing faculty with a high-quality, affordable option that will cost students no more than $30 for course materials.”

3. Adaptable

“Faculty (anywhere) can modify and build on some or all of the course materials. There are no strings attached. We only ask that faculty cite the Open Course Library in their course and fill out our short adoption form.”

Preview or download courses now.

Read the full blog posting here and press release available here.

 

Image Credit: Timothy Valentine & Leo Reynolds CC-BY-NC-SA

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MyOpenMath.com, a free and open online homework system for mathematics, now available online!

In the last several years, we’ve seen the release of many excellent open textbooks, yet adoption still remains a challenge.  From my perspective as a math instructor, I see two major barriers: discovery and ancillaries.
The first challenge for adoption of open textbooks is an instructor finding one.  There are many instructors who are not even aware that open textbooks exist.  Second, if an instructor is interested in open textbooks, even the reasonably well-culled listing at collegeopentextbooks.org can be daunting, and very few listed books resemble complete, ready-to-adopt textbooks.  For a busy instructor, the prospect of having to remix resources from multiple sources is often more effort than they’re willing to put in.

To start addressing the second part of the discovery challenge, I built OpenTextBookStore.com. This site lists a subset of open textbooks I felt are really ready-to-adopt without requiring remixing or supplementing, and that are available in printed form.  I’ve started with math books, but I hope to expand the listing with recommendations from subject matter experts in other fields.  The site recreates the experience of browsing a publisher’s website; each listing shows a summary of the book, license information, the available formats, a table of contents, and a list of any available ancillaries.

David Lippman

Instructors have become accustomed to publishers providing extensive ancillary materials for textbooks, providing the second challenge for adoption of open textbooks.  Many excellent efforts are contributing to addressing the ancillary challenge, including open courseware efforts like the Washington Open Course Library (which I was part of).  In mathematics, online homework has become commonplace, and for a majority of faculty is a key part of their textbook adoption decision.

To help address this, I’m happy to announce MyOpenMath.com, a free and open online homework system for mathematics.  It is built on open-source software I’ve been developing for six years, and that has been used by tens of thousands of students.  It provides randomized, algorithmically generated homework with automated grading of numerical and algebraic answers, similar to WebAssign and other publisher products.  It also provides a course management system with gradebook, file posting, discussion forums, etc.    (To their credit, WebAssign has produced online homework for several open textbooks, but this comes with a cost to students and is not open.) MyOpenMath has homework aligned with open textbooks in pre-algebra, beginning and intermediate algebra, pre-calculus, and trigonometry.  The courses can easily be copied and modified by an instructor and used with students as graded homework.  Many courses include video lessons, classroom activities, or other supplements as well.  These courses are also available to students for self-study, review purposes, or as ungraded practice.  These courses were contributed by faculty in Washington and Arizona; please see our “About us” page for credits.

Increased adoptions of open textbooks will only come by making it easy for faculty to find open textbooks, having open textbooks that can easily replace traditional textbooks, and providing ancillaries that instructors rely on.  I hope OpenTextBookStore.com and MyOpenMath.com can contribute to that effort.

–David Lippman

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COT Adopter Community Grant Awards Announcement

It is with great pleasure that I announce the 8 winners of our Adopter Communities’ Small Grant program. Each community proposed an outstanding project that uses open textbooks or open educational resources to improve teaching and learning for their students. Disciplines ranged from the highly enrolled general education subjects of Chemistry, Physics, and Math to American Government and Developmental Reading & Composition. Professional and career disciplines were also represented with Business Communications, Advanced Water Mathematics, and pre-teacher Educational Psychology. Overall 27 faculty members are participating from 17 colleges and 4 universities with approximately 3200 students anticipated to be positively impacted during the grant period alone.

  • 3-D Molecular Models in ChemWiki: Dr. Ron Rusay and colleagues, Diablo Valley Community College
  • Educational Psychology: Dr. Brian Beitzel, State University of New York, Oneonta with other colleagues in Florida, Illinois, New York, and Manitoba, Canada.
  • Introduction to American Government: Dr. Mirya Holman and colleague at Florida Atlantic University
  • Business Communications: Professor Danielle Budzick and colleagues at Cuyahoga Community College, OH
  • Physwiki Dynamic Textbook project: Professor Erik Christensen at South Florida Community College and colleague at Monroe Community College, NY
  • Developmental Algebra: Dr. April Strom and colleagues at Scottsdale Community College, AZ
  • Advanced Water Mathematics: Dr. Regina Blasberg & colleagues at Community College of the Canyons, CA
  • Indigenous People’s Reader: Professor Jacqui Cain & colleague at Community College of the Redwoods on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation.

Fireworks display from EpicFireworksFor the purpose of this program, an adopter community had to contain at least two college or university instructors who have adopted or commit to adopting an open textbook(s) or open educational resources as the primary text for a course they teach or plan to teach in the 2011-2012 timeframe. Collaboration between multiple colleges and inclusion of peer reviewers, staff, and students as community members was highly encouraged. In addition, all enhancements, new materials, and ancillaries produced by the community in the grant period (2011-2012) must be made available to other educators using a Creative Commons license that allows further modifications such as CC-BY.

A huge thanks goes to our panel of judges who read all 17 grant application and finalized their results with conference call on a sunny Saturday afternoon. Using a rubric to help ensure inter-rater reliability, the panel included a community college dean, a higher education program manager, and the technology director for a large OER project.

Finally, I want to commend all the adopter communities who applied for their thoughtful projects that used open textbooks and open educational resources to improve teaching and student learning at their colleges. In the end, we were limited by our overall budget and not the inspiring visions of all of the applicants.

Please check out our College Open Textbooks community site for more details on these amazing Adopter Communities and to watch their progress over the next year. Webinar with grantees scheduled for November 17 at 1:00 PM (Pacific).

Image:Some rights reserved (CC-BY-NC) by EpicFireworks

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